- The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9): The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) is a widely used self-assessment tool designed to help individuals and healthcare professionals assess and monitor the severity of depression symptoms. Developed by Drs. Robert L. Spitzer, Janet B.W. Williams, Kurt Kroenke, and colleagues, it’s based on the diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). The PHQ-9 consists of nine questions or items, each related to a specific symptom of depression experienced over the past two weeks. Respondents rate the frequency of their symptoms on a scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 3 (nearly every day). The scores for each item are then summed to calculate a total score, with a higher score indicating a greater severity of depressive symptoms.
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- 2. Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10): The Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10) is a widely used self-assessment tool designed to measure an individual’s perception of stress in their life. It was developed by Sheldon Cohen, Tom Kamarck, and Robin Mermelstein in 1983 and has since become a valuable instrument for assessing stress levels in various contexts, including research, clinical practice, and wellness programs. The PHQ-9 consists of nine questions or items, each related to a specific symptom of depression experienced over the past two weeks. Respondents rate the frequency of their symptoms on a scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 3 (nearly every day). The scores for each item are then summed to calculate a total score, with a higher score indicating a greater severity of depressive symptoms.